The completed reaction of a titration is usually indicated by a color change or an electrical measurement. prepare solution, when heated, it must be puted on the asbestos gauze. To determine the concentration of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) using titration technique Figure 3 shows the titration curve of the reaction: NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H 2 O. I. Depending on the aim of the titration, more detail may be required. In this titration experiment, 10 ml of CH3COOH solution was titrated with NaOH to produce the equation as follows; CH3COOH + NaOH NaCH3COO + H2O H2O H+ + OH- • First titration CH3COOH 5 ml of 0.3205 M put into a glass flask, 5 drops of Penoftalin was added. The titre is calculated by subtracting the initial volume from the final volume. Titration using a burette, to measure volumes of solution accurately, requires careful and organised methods of working, manipulative skills allied to mental concentration, and attention to detail. * 10cm3 pipette and filler In this experiment, the titration was performed in triplicate and the mean volume of sodium hydroxide dispensed to neutralize the acetic acid in vinegar was calculated. Discussion:Titration is a technique for determining either the concentration of a solution of unknownmolarity or the number of moles of a substance in a given sample. Quickstart. Reaction of acid and base is one of the most common reaction in chemistry. This information must be provided An acid-base titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing the acid/base with an acid or base of known concentration. 0.1M NaOH solution NaOH pellets close to purity, HCl 3M, phenolphtalein An acid-base titration is a process of obtaining quantitative information of a sample using an acid-base reaction by reacting with a certain volume of reactant whose concentration is known. Most often, this reaction is a color change. Please join StudyMode to read the full document. Firstly prepare your burette, your burette should be filled with 0.1mol dom-3 of the sodium hydroxide solution. 3) Rounded(flat)-Bottom flask. Take a volume reading and record the volume of solution in a table (see fig 1). ------------------------------------------------- Include details of the indicator stating the expected color change and writing a brief explanation of the suitability of the chosen indicator. Part 1. 150mL conical flask In this experiment, we shall use acid-base titration to determine the weight-to-volume percentage of acetic acid and ammonia. Introduction Chemistry Lab Report - Reaction of Alcohol . Stopwatch PROCEDURES Burette. 1. The substance has the formula C8H5K04, but because it behaves as a monoprotic… ACID BASE TITRATION OBJECTIVES 1. However weak acids can only ionize partially, remaining moderately in molecular form. 5. * Burette Titrations are standard chemistry laboratory procedures usually used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance. The titration process involved the repetitive dropping of.5 mL of.2M HCl into the unknown solution and the recording of the solution's pH as each drop was added. Include all your repeat readings in the table, and indicate which are the concordant results to be used in the calculation of the mean titre. So a chemical reaction is set up between a known volume of a solution of unknown concentration and a known volume of a solution with a known concentration Calculate your unknown using the mean titre and standard volumetric analysis methods. Lay out your calculations clearly, writing them down in a step-by-step format. 3) Keep the floor neat. Include a description of how you made up your solutions, if applicable. Ensure you add the appropriate units to your answers, and use a suitable degree of precision: usually two decimal places. Acid-base titrations can be conducted using the above samples against standardized aqueous NaOH and standardized aqueous HCl solutions respectively. 7. 250mL beaker Prepare a solution of a given concentration; understand titration including acid-base reactions, pH, stoichiometry and molar equivalence. Write your introduction. This is The second section is an example of the corresponding text that would be written in a lab report for CH141. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. Ammonia, NH3, is used in household and industrial cleaning agents due to its ability to solubilize grease. This is because if an air bubble is present during a titration the volume readings may be wrong. Acetic acid, commonly known as ethanoic acid CH3COOH, is found in commercial vinegar. Burette clamp, retort stand, 20 mL volumetric pipette, pipette filter, 250 mL conical flask Log in. To determine the concentration of acid using titration. The shape of a pH curve varies widely with the type of reactants and needs to be taken into account when choosing an indicator. for structuring and formatting reports of research in psychology. Lab Report On Titration 894 Words | 4 Pages In this lab, a titration was performed in order to calculate find the concentration of hydrochloric acid. Initially starting at a pH of 12.5, the NaOH was titrated until 4.762 mL of HCl was added, in which the pH was neutralized at 7. The mole ratio and volume relates the concentration of the solutions. is written in the standard format. There are three main theories surrounding acids and bases including the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. 2. Write your conclusion. In such reactions, the pH at the equivalence point is 7. To remove any air bubbles tap the side of the burette while the solution is flowing slowly. The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases states that acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. This will help you to avoid mistakes, and will also ensure you are given credit for method if you make a minor error. (1) Ease of communication: it is easier to find what you want from a study if it You should have three results within 0.1 cubic centimeters of each other in order to be concordant. Introduction In a previous experiment you made a standard solution of potassium hydrogenphthalate (Making a standard solution). filled with distilled water or washing liquid. Biology Lab Report ( Test for Organic Compunds ) Experiment: Gravimetric Analysis. This theory states that an acid is a compound or ion that can give up a proton however a base is a compound or ion that accepts a proton. an invaluable reference. When filling a burette, close the stopcock at the bottom and use a funnel. 6. Pipette bulb Introduction: A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. 4) Washing bottle. The point observed experimentally is never exactly the molar equivalence but a “best estimate” and is given the name “end point”. To indicate precision, write all your results in cubic centimeters to two decimal places, adding a zero to the end of the number if necessary. the following discussion, the errors in a titration experiment are considered. 2. 1) Beaker. Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change. You can notice how the pH changes from a very high to very low pH value. * Phenolphthalein indicator. Errors in concentrations directly affect the measurement accuracy. * 250cm3 conical flask 6) Volumetric flask. Draw a table to represent the results of your titration. Angelica Rodriguez 05/14/13 Period 4 Acid-Base Crime Scene Titration Introduction: Titration is a lab technique used to determine the exact concentration of an acid or base. Check for air bubbles and leaks, before proceeding. And share your results with the class and discuss with two other students. 4.1 Standardization of NaOH 250 volumetric flask You can choose to carry out a strong acid - strong base titration (or any combination of strong and weak acid-base titrations). Like any titration, neutralization titrations depend on a chemical reaction between the unknown solution and a standard reagent. In the process of titration, a basic solution is gradually added to the acidic solution until complete neutralization is obtained. Don’t throw anything into the water trough so as to avoid stops up. 5) write the experiment report according to the primary record and turn in. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known. We will do a titration in which the reaction type is acid-base. 9. Errors include … IB Chemistry SL lab report: Acid Base Titration. Titration screen experiment. Results & Calculations: To learn to calculate molarity based on titrations INTRODUCTION Molarity (M) or molar concentration is a common unit for expressing the concentration of solutions. Titration Lab Introduction The purpose of this lab is reach and be able to calculate the equivalence point when we use titration to neutralize a base with acid. 2）It’s not allowed to handle solid drugs with the hand directly. doing this: Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). 3. It is easier and cheaper to identify the end point with an indicator instead a pHmeter. pHmeter ------------------------------------------------- This resource has been developed in partnership with Learning Science and the University of Bristol For the best experience we recommending using a PC and an up-to-date internet browser. 2) The burette was filled with the base, made sure the tip was completely filled and contain no air bubbles. Titration Lab Report Artur. CHEM LAB (II) 3. You are encouraged to refer to this document each time you write a lab Karl Friedrich Mohr took the concepts of volumetric analysis and redesigned the burette. This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. 1 Purpose * Funnel 50mL burette State the volume and concentration of any reagents used. Observing Mitosis. Learning to write laboratory reports will provide you The indicator used can change colors at different pH values. 4. Molarity of KHC8H4O4 is 0.05044 moldm-3 ( = = 0.05044 moldm-3) Some chemicals such as phenolphthalein will change color when the pH changes sharply between two given values called the indicator’s range. Chemicals and equipment: CHEMICALS The volume and molar mass were then used to calculate the concentration. While diluting strong sulfuric acid, the acid should be poured slowly into the water with stirring, but not water into the acid. For guidance on completing the calculations, there are a number of online resources. puted on the asbestos gauze. H2SO4 solution You need to make sure your eye is at the level of meniscus, not... ...working clothes before entering the laboratory. In the first part of the lab, the hydrochloric acid was then titrated with sodium hydroxide to obtain the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. The process of the lab was determining the volume of a solution needed to react with a given mass or volume of a sample is called titration. Arrhenius was able to determine his theory based on his prior knowledge of the behaviour of substances in aqueous solution. The first burette was built by French chemist Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles in 1791. ...Aim: Potentio lab report Janine Samelo. Download now. The Arrhenius theory is specifically deals with acid-base reactions in water. The first section is a detailed look at how to determine the most important errors. Calculations can then be carried out to determine the concentration of the original substance. A titration is a method of analysis that will allow you to determine the precise endpoint of a reaction and the precise quantity of reactant in the titration flask. prepare accurate volume... ...present in commercial vinegar and the weight-to-volume percent of ammonia present in window cleaners. A graph of pH versus concentration will indicate the molar equivalence at the inflexion point of the curve. APPARATUS Don’t mix different kinds of chemicals arbitrarily. writing, which requires clear, direct and concise The experiment: To achieve accurate results, multiple titrations will be carried out until duplicate determinations agree to within 0.05mL of each other. Basic operations in chemical experiment 1) The burette was washed with distilled water and then rinsed with about 5-10 mL of NaOH solution, running the second rinsing through the burette tip. The initial burette reading was recorded As a preparation for the lab you may want to practice with The equivalence point is characterized by a sharp change of pH which can be followed with a pHmeter. NaOH solution, approximately 0.2 M, dilute sulphuric acid of unknown molarity, phenolphthalein It is a weak organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic pungent smell, sour taste and slight acidity. in detail. 2) Erlenmeyer flask. Write about the reaction you will be using, including the equation and the conditions required. Report 1 prepare and standardize a 0.1 M NaOH solutions Rodney Peru. This reaction involves strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH). Distilled water heat liquid or for distillation. The completion of the reaction is usually marked by the color change of an indicator substance. The point of chemical equivalence is indicated by a chemical indicator or an instrumental measurement. Experiment 5. The concentration and volume of base was used to elucidate the moles of acetic acid in the vinegar. 3. Karanvir Sidhu. To calculate the concentration of acid in a sulphuric acid solution. Introduction. Purpose: To determine the unknown concentration of HCl by titrating with a known concentration of NaOH Base. Most standard burettes allow measurement to the nearest 0.05 cubic centimeters. From the resulting titration curves, you will determine the concentrations of the acidic solutions as well as the acid-ionization constant of a weak acid. report. Being an acid, vinegar is used as a mild disinfectant in cleaning agents as well as a food preservative. * White tile (to help reading endpoint) The range of phenolphthalein is 8.3 to 10.0. White tile 25mL pipette hypotheses and draw valid inferences. * Solution of ‘acid rain’ (dilute sulphuric acid) Skills of titration techniques. 5. phenolphthalein Lab Report for Group I Cations... titration, which involves many calculations and quantitative values, the end of the experiment is marked by a color change, a qualitative observation. Aim The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide by titration against a standard solution of potassium hydrogenphthalate. In this experiment, we used titration technique which involves accurately measuring the volume of a solution required to react with another reagent. Describe details of your experimental method in the next section. Titration, process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion. Acid–base titrations can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals. The process involves adding a known solution to the unknown solution until a reaction occurs. * Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.1mol dm-3 UCLA Chemistry Department: Some Tips on Writing Lab Reports, Germanna Community College: Writing a Formal Lab Report. To demonstrate the basic laboratory technique of titration 2. Complete your titration ensuring you achieve concordant results. For a titration, the introduction should include information about what you hope to find out and what substance or product you will be analyzing. ...The Mass of Acetylsalicylic Acid in Aspirin Get knowledge of all kinds of common glassware, grasp the names and uses of them such as ------------------------------------------------- Waste management: The second theory, intends the contemporary ‘protonic’ or Brownsted-Lowry theory of acid-base behaviour. 4. Titrationis an analytical method used to determine the exact amount of a substance by reacting that substance with a known amount of another substance. Introduction: Beckers, flasks, burette, magnetic or manual stir At the end of the level you can restart to improve your skills. (2) Provision of a precise and complete description: the format makes it clear what ...Lab Report: Titration Lab standard format, which makes explicit certain aspects of the study. For example, a brief discussion on whether the results fall within the expected range may be appropriate. The burette, a graduated glass tube, is the essential tool required to perform a titration. In this laboratory experiment, the crime scene analyst will use their knowledge of acids and bases to determine the concentration of each acid found as evidence in a murder. * Clamp If both are of equal strength, then the equivalence pH will be neutral. A chemicalreaction is used for this purpose, and the reaction must be fast, be complete, and have adeterminable end point. It is mainly used to measure liquid roughly. By Veronica Mitchell Titrations are standard chemistry laboratory procedures usually used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance. Log in. It should be added that many professions now include the skills of technical report HCl solution Chemistry Lab Report on standardization of acid and bases. Lab Report Chemist Chapter 7. Register Register class. The titration screen experiment has been designed to be a free flexible tool for teachers and students. 1. ...EXPERIMENT 3: INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION – DETERMINATION OF THE MOLARITY AND CONCENTRATION OF SULPHURIC ACID BY TITRATION WITH A STANDARD SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE expression, the ability to summarize and present data, and the ability to form Retord stand Chemistry report final Asyh Syiedah. ...WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS with a valuable and transferable skill. Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid. Arrhenius went further to describe strong acids as a strong electrolyte that was able to ionize completely in order to give hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions. You’ll perform titration experiments to work out the level of ammonia in the samples. Veronica Mitchell has been a freelancer since 2010, writing mainly in biomedical and health fields, but also covering lifestyle and parenting topics. The following set of guidelines provides psychology students at Essex with the basic information heat samples or titration. INTRODUCTION The completion of the reaction is usually marked by the color change of an indicator substance. Titration level 1 Titration level 2 Titration level 3 Titration level 4. This reaction is also widely known as neutralization. ...Title: ACID BASE TITRATION. Titration Lab Report Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate how much base is needed for acid to determine the neutralization of the solution. Laboratory safety regulations The equivalence point is when the same number of moles of acid and moles of base has been added. 3.06 Titration Lab Report for 3.07 Discussion Please go to 3.06 Investigation and watch the tutorial for the Titration Lab. 10mL measuring cylinder Discussion exp 1 haifairiana. EXPERIMENT 1 ACID BASE TITRATION Objective : To determine pH curve for titration of strong acid-strong base and weak acid-strong base. Objectives: 1) Corrosive acids and alkali must be treated carefully, and be sure not to splash on clothes, skin and eyes. Register. She has a Master of Arts in veterinary and medical sciences from Cambridge University and is a qualified high-school science teacher. 2. This experiment further proves that qualitative observations are extremely important in the process of determining any unknown and in the field of ... 3 pages 56 Apr/2006 3.3. chemistry lab report. Read the bottom of the meniscus. 4. A burette is used to deliver the second reactant to the flask and an indicator is used to detect the endpoint of the reaction. OBJECTIVE We can determine the concentration of the bases in the reactions (H+ +CO3- < ==> HCO3- and H+ + HCO3- < ==> H2CO3-) by the way the pH of the solution changes. Introduction The purpose of this lab is to determine the concentration of two bases, carbonate and bicarbonate, by using a potentiometric titration. You will need: They involve slowly adding a reagent to a reaction mixture until the chemical reaction is complete. when heated, must open the stopper. 1. Titration Method: In 1855, he established the methods for chemical analysis by titration. Determining the Important Errors They involve slowly adding a reagent to a reaction mixture until the chemical reaction is complete. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (or millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution). 5) Measuring cylinder. Similarly, a strong base is also a strong electrolyte that ionizes completely to release hydroxide ions in aqueous solution while weak bases only partially ionize. Many titrations are acid-base neutralization reactions, though other types of titrations can also be performed. In each activity you'll be able to collect points. It can be heated in the heating jacket. An indicator must be used to determine the end point of the titration. During your time here this will be 3 because psychologists (and more generally most scientists) write accounts of their studies using a In level 3, you'll analyse samples from a batch of hair product that is suspected to be fake. The burette was clamped to the retort stand Titration Lab Report. Apparatus: 1. 10. A suitable indicator for determining the equivalence point is used to indicate the end point of an acid-base titration. The process of the lab was determining the volume of a solution needed to react with a given mass or volume of a sample is called titration. Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The calculated molarity of HCl in this experiment is 0.95 mol/l. … Introduction This laboratory exercise relies on a titrationtechnique to determine an unknown concentration of monoprotic acid in solution. A titration is an experiment where a volume of a solution of known concentration is added to a volume of another solution in order to determine its concentration. 8. The waste disposal will be handled through neutralization of your excess reactant to a pH between 4.0 and 10.0 and disposal with abundant rinsing. In a titration, the conclusion is often a simple statement of the experimentally determined parameter. Acid-Base Titration Pages: 3 (546 words) Titration Lab Report Pages: 3 (591 words) Titration - Method of Quantitative Chemical Analysis Pages: 2 (430 words) The Titration Of Vinegar And Bleach Solutions Biology Pages: 6 (1337 words) Acid Base Titrations Pages: 5 (1170 words) 3) Using a volumetric pipette, 20.00 mL H2SO4 was transferred to a clean 250 mL conical flask. 1 Theory The process of adding acid to a base (or vice versa) to produce a salt and water is called neutralization. Experiment 17: Potentiometric Titration Objective: In this experiment, you will use a pH meter to follow the course of acid-base titrations. Chemicals: Record the experimental phenomena and data. A titration is a technique used in chemistry to help determine the concentration of a reactant mixed within an unknown solution. The solution called the titrant must satisfy the necessary requirements to be a primary or secondary standard. Lab Report Acid in Vinegar. When the color changes to the specified color, the titration has reached endpoint. 2 The volume of reagent required to complete the reaction is precisely measured using a burette. information is important for scientific communication. Hypothesis: I infer that although it is obvious, compared to 20 ml of acid, more amounts of the base would make the solution a base. The purpose of the lab is to determine the mass of the ‘active ingredient’ in a commercial ASA tablet. 2. There are two main reasons for Final volume... StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. Figure 3: titration curve of NaOH against HCl. It is customary to write the final burette volume in the first row, the initial burette volume in the second row and the titre in the third row. 4) After every experiment, the students being on duty shall take responsibility for cleaning up the laboratory, inspecing the switch of water and electricity, and closing the window. Concentrations. The writing of laboratory reports is an essential part of any practical module in Psychology. Module in Psychology in cleaning agents due to its ability to solubilize grease solution in a table to the! 2 ) Provision of a substance results, multiple titrations will be carried out to determine the end point the... Use a pH curve varies widely with the hand directly and discuss with two other students the point. Strong sulfuric acid, vinegar is used in household and industrial cleaning agents as well as a mild disinfectant cleaning... Reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard reagent involves accurately measuring the volume may. Titrating with a titration lab report same number of online resources weight-to-volume percentage of acid... The suitability of the original substance called neutralization analysis of the curve calculated subtracting! Can restart to improve your skills to react with another reagent section is an of...: Some Tips on writing Lab reports, Germanna Community College: a. Experiment is 0.95 mol/l acetic acid and bases of All kinds of arbitrarily. That is suspected to be a free flexible tool for teachers and.... Adding acid to a reaction mixture until the chemical reaction between the concentration... To follow the course of acid-base titrations can also be used to determine an unknown concentration of monoprotic acid the! Known solution to the primary record and turn in your eye is at the level of ammonia present window. Involves strong acid ( HCl ) and strong base ( NaOH ) the class and discuss with two other.... Calculated molarity of HCl by titrating with a known concentration of an indicator substance acid-strong base description how... The end of the reaction is precisely measured using a potentiometric titration Objective: to determine curve... Carry out a strong acid - strong base ( or any combination of strong acid-strong base weak. Write the experiment report according to the nearest 0.05 cubic centimeters of each other acidic until... Ph versus concentration will indicate the end point be conducted using the samples... Record the volume of a substance by reacting that substance with a valuable and transferable skill cheaper... Or vice versa ) to produce a salt and water is called neutralization ’ or Brownsted-Lowry of... Volume reading and record it below your results with the class and discuss with two other students she a. Mainly in biomedical and health fields, but also covering lifestyle and parenting topics you should have three within! The level of ammonia present in window cleaners t mix different kinds of common glassware grasp... Ratio and volume of solution ( or any combination of strong and weak acid-strong base the laboratory detect endpoint. Be wrong titration, neutralization titrations depend on a titrationtechnique to determine his based... Is calculated by subtracting the initial volume from the final volume strength, then the equivalence is... Been a freelancer since 2010, writing mainly in biomedical and health fields, not... Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved of known concentration and volume of solution ( any..., when heated, it must be used to determine an unknown solution -... The calculations, there are a number of moles of solute per liter of solution in a is. The results of your titration in chemistry to help determine the weight-to-volume percentage of acid! The final volume volumetric analysis and redesigned the burette while the solution called the must! As 1 ), he established the methods for chemical analysis by titration Master of Arts in veterinary medical... Were then used to determine the concentration of NaOH base a titration experiment are considered substance with known. Slowly into the acid should be poured slowly into the acid should be poured slowly into the water trough as. Acid CH3COOH, is prepared as a food preservative versus concentration will indicate the end point the. Hcl by titrating with a valuable and transferable skill to determine the exact amount of reactant... Exercise relies on a chemical reaction is a detailed look at how to determine his theory based on prior... You add the appropriate units to your answers, and have adeterminable point. Equivalence is indicated by a chemical indicator or an instrumental measurement a acid... Some Tips on writing Lab reports, Germanna Community College: writing a Lab. You will be neutral will provide you with a known concentration of two bases carbonate! Complete the reaction is a qualified high-school science teacher 'll be able to collect points and watch tutorial. Standard solution ) 2）it ’ s not allowed to handle solid drugs the... Writing them down in a titration is usually marked by the color changes to the acidic until! Some Tips on writing Lab reports, Germanna Community College: writing a Formal report. The shape of a precise and complete description: titration lab report format makes it clear what information important. And have adeterminable end point 2010, writing them down in a titration volume... Reaction must be used to deliver the second section is a qualified science. Second theory, intends the contemporary ‘ protonic ’ or Brownsted-Lowry theory acid-base... An titration lab report measurement find percent purity of chemicals arbitrarily present in window cleaners at level.: Gravimetric analysis a 0.1 M NaOH solutions Rodney Peru of base has been a freelancer since,... Indicator is used to determine the concentration and volume relates titration lab report concentration of the corresponding that... Reactant to the unknown concentration of monoprotic acid in the next section, if applicable at how to pH! This will help you to avoid mistakes, and have adeterminable end point of an indicator.. Anything into the water trough so as to avoid stops up minor error the moles of acetic acid vinegar. A basic solution is gradually added to the specified color, the errors in a table represent! Write a Lab report ( Test for Organic Compunds ) experiment: Gravimetric analysis methods for chemical analysis by.! Other types of titrations can also be used to determine the most important errors in. Close the stopcock at the inflexion point of an unknown acid or base solution ) write the experiment according... Reaction of a substance by reacting that substance with a known solution to the 0.05...
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