A summary and overview of the mice and rats used in biomedical research, based on a survey of formal publications. Freeman S, Uderhardt S, Saric A, Collins R, Buckley C, Mylvaganam S. Paprotka T, Delviks Frankenberry K, Cingöz O, Martinez A, Kung H, Tepper C, Vann S. Dismantling the Papez circuit for memory in rats. 2011;333:453-6, Rice M, O Brien S. Genetic variance of laboratory outbred Swiss mice. Read our COVID-19 research and news. Genetically-defined and genetically-modified mice (and rats) are widely used in research to investigate the function of specific genes, and to serve as experimental models for different human disease. One common application of BALB/c, as with C57BL/6, is to serve as the background strain for various gene deficiency/knockout studies. This has included histone modifications during human parental-to-zygotic transition [51], the role of synaptotagmin-3 in endocytosis and synaptic strength [46], and cerebrospinal fluid influx during ischemia [3]. Mice have teeth made for gnawing. 1980;14:17-24, Nagamatsu G, Shimamoto S, Hamazaki N, Nishimura Y, Hayashi K. Mechanical stress accompanied with nuclear rotation is involved in the dormant state of mouse oocytes. Behav Brain Res. BALB/c is an albino, immunodeficient inbred mouse strain. Mouse models of many human diseases have also been developed to advance the studies of disease pathogenesis, and to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicities of various candidate drugs. Labome has surveyed formal publications citing animal models to provide an overview of animal models in publications (Table 1). Sprague-Dawley and Wistar are the main rat strains. Duncan A et al obtained Wistar rats from Charles River to study the role of habenular TCF7L2 in connecting nicotine addiction to diabetes [14]. Another rodent, the rat (Rattus norvegicus), is the second most cited animal model used in biomedical research. in the use of animals in research halving over the past thirty years. Labonté B et al studied the regulatory role of a novle lncRAN MAALIN on impulsive and aggressive behaviours in CD-1 mice [76]. Second, they are often applied to build transgenic mouse models, such as those with the photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) [27]. Lu Y, Brommer B, Tian X, Krishnan A, Meer M, Wang C. Becattini S, Littmann E, Seok R, Amoretti L, Fontana E, Wright R. Mestre H, Du T, Sweeney A, Liu G, Samson A, Peng W. Uckelmann H, Kim S, Wong E, Hatton C, Giovinazzo H, Gadrey J. Dai H, Lan P, Zhao D, Abou Daya K, Liu W, Chen W. Chew H, De Lima P, Gonzalez Cruz J, Banushi B, Echejoh G, Hu L. Cantuti Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro L, Djannatian M, Franz J, Kuivanen S. Kabayama H, Takeuchi M, Tokushige N, Muramatsu S, Kabayama M, Fukuda M. Simões F, Cahill T, Kenyon A, Gavriouchkina D, Vieira J, Sun X. Binet F, Cagnone G, Crespo Garcia S, Hata M, Neault M, Dejda A, Zhao L, Han X, Lu J, McEachern D, Wang S. A highly potent PROTAC androgen receptor (AR) degrader ARD-61 effectively inhibits AR-positive breast cancer cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Albinism of laboratory rodents: The majority of laboratory rodents are albinos, due to a common mutation in tyrosinase gene in all albino laboratory rat strains [17] and in at least some of the albino mouse strains [18]. Rosshart SP et al used SPF C57BL/6 mice from the Jackson Laboratory to study the microbiota and immune responses of laboratory mice born to wild mice [21]. In addition, it provided most CD-1 mice and rat stocks, for example, Long Evans [112] and Wistar [14], among the publications surveyed. C57BL/6 and BALB/c are the main mouse strains. biomedical research. 2019;576:446-451, Kuramoto T, Nakanishi S, Ochiai M, Nakagama H, Voigt B, Serikawa T. Origins of albino and hooded rats: implications from molecular genetic analysis across modern laboratory rat strains. Manipulating their genes can lead them to develop other diseases that do not naturally affect them, and as a result research on mice has helped the understanding of both human physiology and the causes of disease.Mice are used in a vast range of experiments, many of which are classified as fundamental research, investigating the physiology of mammals. Autism Res. The mutation prevents the development and maturation of both T and B cells. hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production, research models for cancer therapy and immunology. The KK-A y mouse is useful for researching end-stage type 2 diabetes. Sprague-Dawley and Wistar are the main rat strains. 2019;365: Persson E, Verstraete K, Heyndrickx I, Gevaert E, Aegerter H, Percier J. de Laval B, Maurizio J, Kandalla P, Brisou G, Simonnet L, Huber C. Noda S, Kawashima N, Yamamoto M, Hashimoto K, Nara K, Sekiya I. Dominy S, LYNCH C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A. Moro A, Driscoll T, Boraas L, Armero W, Kasper D, Baeyens N. De Cecco M, Ito T, Petrashen A, Elias A, Skvir N, Criscione S. Maun H, Jackman J, Choy D, Loyet K, Staton T, Jia G. Nordmann G, Malkemper E, Landler L, Ushakova L, Nimpf S, Heinen R, Oliveira G, Lieberman J, Barillas Mury C. Epithelial nitration by a peroxidase/NOX5 system mediates mosquito antiplasmodial immunity. Inbred strains of mice were used as disease models, long before the mouse genome project and transgenics. The author, US veterinarian Larry Carbone, estimates from a sample of 16 facilities (less than 2% of the US total) that 99.3% of the vertebrate animals in research and testing in the US are mice and rats, with 111.5M used in US research in 2017-18. Jagger B, Wise H, Kash J, Walters K, Wills N, Xiao Y. Ekiert D, Friesen R, Bhabha G, Kwaks T, Jongeneelen M, Yu W. Besse A, Besse L, Kraus M, Mendez Lopez M, Bader J, Xin B. Singh D, Chan J, Zoppoli P, Niola F, Sullivan R, Castaño A. Yi W, Clark P, Mason D, Keenan M, Hill C, Goddard W. Kessler J, Kahle K, Sun T, Meerbrey K, Schlabach M, Schmitt E, Chia R, Achilli F, Festing M, Fisher E. The origins and uses of mouse outbred stocks. In addition, ICR mice from different sources may give rise to different, even contradictory research results [96]. The Icr:Ha(ICR) mouse: a current account of breeding, mutations, diseases and mortality. It is clear that research conducted on mouse models continues to be an important part of our collective research efforts and knowledge, even with ongoing efforts to replacing animal testing with cell culture models or computational prediction, especially for toxicological studies [19]. Transgenic mice with particular mutations of interest are relatively simple to produce with modern genetic engineering methods like the injection of targeting vectors or CRISPR. A summary and overview of the mice and rats used in biomedical research, based on a survey of formal publications. J Exp Med. It is likely that the C57BL/6 strain will continue to be the preferred strain, due to the fact that its genome has been sequenced, to the concerted effort of gene functional analysis by IMPC and other systematic efforts such as connectome construction [40]. For more than 20 years, researchers have used laboratory mice lacking type I or both type I and II interferon (IFN) responses to study high-containment viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers (HF) in humans. Szőnyi A et al used wild-type and transgenic C57Bl/6J mice (ChAT-iRES-Cre, CRH-iRES-Cre, vGAT-iRES-Cre, vGAT-iRES-Cre::Gt(ROSA26)SorCAG/tdTomato ) to study the role of brainstem nucleus incertus GABAergic cells in contextual memory formation [24]. Nature. Among the articles surveyed by Labome, a significant percentage cites the C57BL/6 mouse strain. Science. Knockout (KO) mice contain a gene inserted or deleted using embryonic stem cells or more recently, CRISPR. Nuclear hnRNPA2B1 initiates and amplifies the innate immune response to DNA viruses. Mice are widely used in fundamental research, but are also used in applied research such as in toxicity testing and drug development, although the rat is generally preferred by toxicologists. The common C57BL/6 substrains include C57BL/6J (maintained at The Jackson Laboratory) and C57BL/6N (established at National Institute of Health). The next highest type of mouse used (18%) are those produced through random transgenesis. A/J mice were used by Losick VP et al to investigate the role of a hemidominant Naip5 allele in immunity [80], by Sanders CJ et al to show the role of flagellin in adaptive immunity [81], and by Neunuebel MR et al to investigate SidD modulation of Rab1 de-AMPylation in L. pneumophila infection [82]. The substrains have phenotypic differences [34, 35], and some of the underlying genetic variations have been identified [34, 36]. Type … For example, Mauffrey P et al used Balb/c nu/nu from Charles River laboratories to study neurogenesis in prostate cancer [43]. Rosshart SP et al implanted C57BL/6 embryos into wild mice to produce a new colony of C57BL/6 mice ("wildlings") which retained natural microbiota and pathogens [21]. Holth JK et al used Jackson Laboratory B6C3F1/J mice (#100010) and B6C3 tau P301S mice (# 008169) to study mouse brain interstitial fluid tau level during the sleep-wake cycle [39]. Mice usually stay within 30 feet of their nests. These marks can identify heavily used paths or entrances. Hybrid mice, such as B6C3, a cross between C57BL/6J females (B6) and C3H/HeJ males (C3), is gaining popularity. ICR mice are characterized by docile nature, high productivity, rapid growth rate and a low incidence of spontaneous tumors [84]. Mamm Genome. 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